Dr. John A. Arthur is professor of sociology and criminology at the University of Minnesota Duluth campus. He received his Ph. D. from Penn State University. His research interests include international migration the African diaspora race and ethnic relations and minorities and the criminal justice system. Dr. Joseph Takougang is professor of African history in the department of Africana Studies at the University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati Ohio. His interests include colonial and post-colonial Africa with a focus on Cameroon nationalism and post-colonial political developments in Cameroon. A secondary research area focuses on the African Diaspora in the United States. Dr Thomas Owusu is associate professor and chair of the Department of Geography and Urban Studies William Paterson University of New Jersey. His research interests include the changing social geography of North American cities immigrants and North America cities dynamics of urban economic and demographic change and comparative urban development and policy. . Language: English